{"id":11492,"date":"2020-04-27T13:30:28","date_gmt":"2020-04-27T17:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.marinersmuseum.org\/?p=11492"},"modified":"2025-03-27T07:45:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-27T11:45:30","slug":"gun-boring-no-gun-fascinating","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.marinersmuseum.org\/2020\/04\/gun-boring-no-gun-fascinating\/","title":{"rendered":"Gun Boring? No! Gun fascinating!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Last month, we were able to complete one of the last major steps in the conservation of USS Monitor<\/em>\u2019s two XI-Inch Dahlgren shell guns: boring concretion out of the barrels. Material Culture Specialist Hannah recently<\/a> showed off what we found in this process (coal is, indeed, cool), but why clean the gun bores to begin with? And how do you actually go about doing that, anyway?<\/p>\n\n\n

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Microscopic image of grey cast iron, sampled from a Civil War period Hotchkiss bolt. The squiggly, black lines and nodules are graphite, surrounded by lighter-colored iron.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The \u2018why\u2019 has a few pieces to it. There are benefits to our archaeological knowledge of the wreck, but our primary concern was keeping the guns in good condition. Monitor\u2019s guns are made of iron, and specifically are made of grey cast iron. Grey cast iron is not 100% pure iron; it contains about 4% carbon, and that carbon exists as flakes of graphite locked in by the metal surrounding it \u2013 picture little shavings of pencil lead and you won\u2019t be that far off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When grey cast iron is immersed in salt water, it corrodes \u2013 rusts \u2013 and a couple things happen. First, as the iron corrodes it dissolves out of the surface, and combines with calcium and other materials in the water to form \u201cconcretion.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Concretion inside of one of Monitor\u2019s guns. Concretion is a hard, dense corrosion product which forms on iron when it corrodes in seawater.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

And second, as the iron moves out of the gun, the graphite is left behind. So the guns as you see them now do still have a solid metal core, but the outer surface is mostly graphite down to about \u00bc inch in depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now\u2026 how does all of this play into the conservation of the guns specifically? Our primary goal for all Monitor objects is to remove ocean salts (specifically chlorides), since these make the material unstable and will destroy the object if they\u2019re not removed. Grey cast iron is more difficult to remove salt from than other metals. The salt exists mostly at the metal surface underneath the graphite, so there is an extra \u2018layer\u2019 that salt needs to travel through to get back out. If you have concretion on top of graphite on top of salt, that\u2019s two extra layers. The graphite is very porous, so it is possible to soak salts back out through it. The concretion\u2026 not so much; it is a much denser, harder material, and it becomes virtually impossible to get enough salt out of iron that is still covered in concretion. So the entire surface of a cast iron object \u2013 like an XI-Inch Dahlgren \u2013 must<\/em> be cleaned to remove concretion, or else it won\u2019t be possible to get all the salt out and stabilize the material. And the entire surface, in this case, includes the 11-feet-long interior of the gun bore, not just the outside. We\u2019re all pretty talented with a chisel around here, but 11 feet is a little bit beyond our reach!<\/p>\n\n\n

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The coring drill used to clean the guns. This system is adjustable in all dimensions so that conservators are able to line up the drill with the gun barrel, removing concretion without damaging the gun.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

And that brings us to how<\/em> do you go about boring a Dahlgren, especially one where the outer surface has turned into fragile graphite. After a lot of research and design work, we decided to use a custom horizontal coring drill system. This let us use a series of different drill bits to clear concretion out of the gun bores, all the way to the back of the gun!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first step in drilling is to make sure that the coring bit is going to travel exactly down the center of the gun. And I mean EXACTLY; otherwise you could start cutting little ledges into the bore, and nobody wants that. The easiest way to get started is actually to clean a short distance into the gun by hand. So the first thing we did for each gun was just that \u2013 we cleaned as far in with a hammer and chisel as we could get.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Gun bore after some cleaning on the lower surfaces. Conservators slowly work back from the gun\u2019s muzzle using hand tools, removing as much concretion as possible.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Gun bored cleaned by hand as far back as possible with normal hand tools (about 22 inches). This makes it easier to set up a coring drill, which can remove all the concretion we can\u2019t reach!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

From there it\u2019s a matter of correctly setting up the coring drill, slowly aligning it with the bore, and beginning to drill. We only go in a few inches at a time, before taking the drill back out to remove concretion and make sure the drill isn\u2019t straying off path. The first drill bit we used was a custom-made coring bit. It\u2019s basically a cylinder of pipe with abrasive cutting teeth at the front, made with a diameter of exactly 10.9 inches. The guns have an 11\u201d bore diameter, so a tiny bit of concretion will remain (temporarily)\u2026 but using an 11\u201d drill bit in an 11\u201d hole would mean there is absolutely zero room for error, and that any additional abrasive action from loose concretion will start to wear into the gun\u2019s surface. The goal is to get as close as possible, but to leave just<\/em> enough room to avoid damaging the gun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Checking the level on the flat rear section of the gun helps let us know if the gun and drill are properly lined up.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Once everything was set up, the forward 10 feet of the bore were gradually cleaned with the coring drill.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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It\u2019s important to check periodically and make sure everything is still lined up correctly, and to take loose concretion out of the coring bit. If too much concretion falls into the bit, it starts to wobble around like an unbalanced washing machine! (Also, the drill is turned off, the coolant shut down, and the drill unplugged anytime we work on \u2013 or in this case in front of \u2013 the drill bit. Safety first!)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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The coring bit is about 40 lbs when it\u2019s empty; once it\u2019s filled with water and concretion it gets heavy! We used an engine lift to remove it anytime it needed to be cleaned out.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Once we were near the back of the gun, we needed to change things up a little bit. From the front of the barrel to a depth of 10 feet, the gun bores have a diameter of exactly 11 inches. But the last few inches of the bore form a curved gunpowder chamber, and a cylindrical coring bit can\u2019t be used to clean it. Normally when cleaning a gun with a curved powder chamber, using a drill is impossible; you have to use (very) long chisels. However, if you\u2019ve had the opportunity to research and measure<\/a> an identical gun\u2026 well, that gives some other options!<\/p>\n\n\n

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A smaller coring bit ready to be installed. There is an extra support collar just behind the bit to make sure it stays centered in the now mostly clean gun bore.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

We decided to use some more new drilling technology to clean the powder chambers. First, we used a couple of smaller coring drills to remove the bulk of the concretion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bullseye! Two smaller cores were used to remove the majority of concretion from the powder chamber; the depth these were drilled to was determined from the original 1851 blueprints for the XI-Inch Dahlgren.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Once those smaller cores had been cut, they could be dragged free and removed from the gun.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

We were then able to use a giant spade bit, custom made to the exact shape of the powder chamber (but, like the coring bit, 0.1\u201d smaller) to remove the remaining concretion. Once that was done, all bulk concretion had been removed from the bore \u2013 success!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Installing the spade bit used to remove the last concretion from the powder chamber<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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All clean! With concretion removed from inside the bores, both guns have returned to their tanks to continue removing salts from all the newly-exposed surfaces.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(All images by staff of The Mariners\u2019 Museum and Park)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last month, we were able to complete one of the last major steps in the conservation of USS Monitor\u2019s two XI-Inch Dahlgren shell guns: boring concretion out of the barrels. Material Culture Specialist Hannah recently showed off what we found in this process (coal is, indeed, cool), but why clean the gun bores to begin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":11499,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"byline":{"profiles":[{"type":"byline_id","atts":{"term_id":97,"post_id":4694}}]},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"mariners_open_graph_description":"","mariners_open_graph_image":0,"mariners_open_graph_title":"","mariners_featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.5,"y":0.5},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[18,19],"prominence":[],"audience_motivation":[],"byline":[97],"class_list":["post-11492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-conservation","tag-uss-monitor"],"yoast_head":"\nGun Boring? 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