{"id":12072,"date":"2020-07-28T12:00:32","date_gmt":"2020-07-28T16:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.marinersmuseum.org\/?p=12072"},"modified":"2025-03-27T07:44:05","modified_gmt":"2025-03-27T11:44:05","slug":"a-salty-situation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.marinersmuseum.org\/2020\/07\/a-salty-situation\/","title":{"rendered":"A salty situation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201cSo\u2026 why are you guys so salty about, well, salt?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you\u2019ve been following along with the blog posts about conserving USS Monitor<\/em>, you may have noticed a common theme: salt. Salt is bad for this<\/a>, we\u2019re removing the salts from (or desalinating) that<\/a>\u2026 but why? I\u2019ve been sprinkling that stuff on my lunch; how bad can it really be?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Mmmmmm, salt\u2026
Image by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Well, if you\u2019re a shipwreck (\u2026we\u2019ve all had those days), it can be pretty bad!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the most part, we are actually talking about the same salt that you eat. Seawater is about 3.5% dissolved salts, and ordinary table salt (well, sea salt, but you know what I mean) makes up the majority. Other salt-forming ions \u2013 sulfates, magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium, and more \u2013 are present in seawater, but it is regular old salt \u2013 sodium chloride \u2013 which makes up the majority. Sodium chloride is also the most problematic salt, although others cause their fair share as well (\u2026nobody likes sulfur<\/a>. Nobody.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salts act in different ways on different materials. In people, both components of table salt (sodium and chloride) are necessary nutrients which help regulate blood pressure. Too much is bad for you, too little is bad for you, but there\u2019s a nice, healthy middle ground of just the right amount. Goldilocks would be proud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological objects are different though; there\u2019s no beneficial purpose for which the objects need salt to accomplish. It wasn\u2019t intended to be in the material, or intentionally put there, it\u2019s just kind of gotten in anyway\u2026 one of the hazards of spending too much time in the ocean; you\u2019d be pretty salty too after 140 years!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When salt gets into things it\u2019s not meant to get into, it almost always causes problems, but the nature of the problem varies by material. The effects can be very specific, but I\u2019m just going to generally go over the three broad types of materials: organics (like wood, leather and cloth), metals (like iron and copper), and other inorganic materials (like ceramics, glass and stone).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In organic materials, different salts will cause different types of damage, some of it from chemical attacks, and some physical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most salts are a problem underwater because, when dissolved in water they affect the pH. Water has a pH of about 7, while acids are lower in pH and bases are higher. Some organic materials (wood, for example) will tolerate water that\u2019s gone a little acidic or a little basic. Some (like bone or shell) prefer a slightly basic pH. So if the salts in the water change the pH too far, the object will disintegrate faster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That will continue to be a problem even after the object is removed from the ocean. If you dry a piece of wood from the ocean, the water will just evaporate. The salt? Yup, stays right where it started. The biggest one of these problems for organics from shipwrecks is actually sulfur salts. When dried, these will combine with oxygen in the air to form sulfates, which attracts water, which forms sulfuric acid\u2026 and there are no organic materials which really like sulfuric acid all that much.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Whitish-yellow sulphur salt efflorescence on a marine archaeological ship\u2019s timber. This contamination causes acidification and damage to the remaining wood.
Image courtesy of The Mariners\u2019 Museum and Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

If enough salts are present, it can also cause damage from purely physical means. Organic materials are often porous, so there are natural \u2018gaps\u2019 in the structure which fill with sea water. As the object begins to dry and water is lost, the remaining seawater inside becomes more and more concentrated until eventually there\u2019s too much salt for the water to hold. Salt crystals start to form as a result. And while salty water isn\u2019t exactly good<\/em>, it\u2019s at least physically unobtrusive. Solid crystals of salt are spikey, hard, and grow where they want to grow\u2026 and if that happens to be a centimeter under the surface of a piece of wood, well, you\u2019re going to start seeing cracks. And fuzzy white powder all over the surface. And more cracks. And\u2026 wait a minute, didn\u2019t this object used to be bigger?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sulfate crystals forming in leather.
Image by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Inorganic materials like pottery, glass and stone have kind of similar problems to organics. In water, they can be attacked depending on the pH. Well-made materials are usually fairly stable in water unless there\u2019s enough salt to REALLY change the pH, and even sea water isn\u2019t that bad. Usually. Some types of glass lose stabilizing chemicals from their structure a bit easier than others, but by the time Monitor<\/em> was built, glass composition was pretty good. Spending 140 years in the ocean is still going to do a bit of damage, but our glass still looks like glass when it comes up, so\u2026 win?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With these sorts of materials, physical damage is often more of a worry than chemical damage. As with organics, things like pottery and stone are porous, and glass \u2013 even with very minimal chemical damage \u2013 can start to delaminate, introducing microscopic gaps into the material. If you leave everything all salty and just dry it out, the water evaporates and \u2013 once again \u2013 salts start to recrystallize in the gaps within the object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Throwing a rock through a glass window will pretty reliably break the window. Little tiny \u2018rocks\u2019 of salt appearing inside of a piece of glass aren\u2019t that much better. Your glass starts to go opaque, and then cracks, fuzzy white powder, cracks\u2026 yeah, this definitely used to be bigger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
A salinometer from a shipwreck, which was dried without desalination. Although still structurally sound, some areas have become opaque as solid salt has begun to form.
Image courtesy of The Mariners\u2019 Museum and Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

With metals, the problem is mainly chemical, and chloride specifically is a HUGE issue. If you throw oxygen and water (conveniently available in one package, now in the air you breath!) at most metals, they will corrode. Iron rusts, and forms reddish-brown iron oxides. Copper will go red or black, or if there\u2019s carbon around (also conveniently available in air!) it can go green and blue colors. The compounds are different, but the basic process is the same: a metal atom loses an electron, the electron wanders off to go reduce an oxygen molecule, and then the metal and the oxygen bond over their experience. This happens to most metals, with or without salt, as long as oxygen and water are present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The presence of salt \u2013 and specifically chloride \u2013 changes things. First, in order for that electron to wander off, it must be in a conductive medium. Salt water is a way, way<\/em> better conductor than plain water. And the saltier it is, the higher the conductivity, and the easier it is for those electrons to travel around.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, chloride acts as a catalyst for the corrosion of a number of metals, notably copper and iron. A catalyst is a chemical which makes a reaction happen faster, but isn\u2019t actually used up in the reaction. As an example, iron, chloride, and oxygen react to form iron chloride and water. Iron chloride, water, and a bit more oxygen react a second time to form iron oxy-hydroxide (rust) plus the exact same amount of chloride that you started out with. So, as normal when you add water and oxygen to metal, you get rust. But with chloride in the mix, you get a lot more of it a lot quicker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That catalyzed reaction is devastating to metals, even while still in sea water. Iron in particular can dissolve away into nothing in some environments, and on Monitor <\/em>much of the cast iron<\/a> has corroded until only the carbon remains from the original alloy. By storing and treating metals in chemical solutions we can hit \u2018pause\u2019 on this process, but as long as chloride is present, the object is at risk. Drying out an iron object without removing the salts will cause it to start cracking, the surface will peel off, fuzzy orange powder (Hey! New color this time!), cracks, orange powder\u2026 didn\u2019t I leave a cannon here? There definitely used to be a cannon here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Damage to a bronze sculpture exposed to chlorides. Note that a hole has been corroded all the way through the material, just below the left knee.
Image by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
A 9-inch shell, exhibiting cracking and spalling\/loss of the surface characteristic of chloride salt corrosion.
Image courtesy of The Mariners\u2019 Museum and Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Because of this, our number one priority on almost every object from a shipwreck will be removing salts. It\u2019s rarely the only<\/em> problem we need to solve to stabilize and treat a material, but it\u2019s often the most significant and time consuming one. After 140 years of ocean exposure it takes years (or even decades for the largest objects) to remove enough salt to stabilize an object, without the removal process itself causing damage. Our end goal is always to make an object stable enough that it can be viewed \u2013 dry \u2013 in a museum environment, and the first step is always \u2018get rid of the salts!\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/whysalty.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cronyn, J.M. The Elements of Archaeological Conservation<\/em>. London: Routledge, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pearson, C. Conservation of Mariner Archaeological Objects<\/em>. London: Butterworth & Co, 1987<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cSo\u2026 why are you guys so salty about, well, salt?\u201d If you\u2019ve been following along with the blog posts about conserving USS Monitor, you may have noticed a common theme: salt. Salt is bad for this, we\u2019re removing the salts from (or desalinating) that\u2026 but why? I\u2019ve been sprinkling that stuff on my lunch; how […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":12074,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"byline":{"profiles":[{"type":"byline_id","atts":{"term_id":97,"post_id":4694}}]},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"mariners_open_graph_description":"","mariners_open_graph_image":0,"mariners_open_graph_title":"","mariners_featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.5,"y":0.5},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[18,34],"prominence":[],"audience_motivation":[61],"byline":[97],"class_list":["post-12072","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-conservation","tag-cultural-heritage"],"yoast_head":"\nA salty situation - The Mariners' Museum and Park<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinersmuseum.org\/2020\/07\/a-salty-situation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A salty situation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cSo\u2026 why are you guys so salty about, well, salt?\u201d If you\u2019ve been following along with the blog posts about conserving USS Monitor, you may have noticed a common theme: salt. 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Salt is bad for this, we\u2019re removing the salts from (or desalinating) that\u2026 but why? 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